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Zahra Hessami is a Lecturer Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Dual use of tobacco products such as cigarettes and water pipe may be associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence and smoking-related diseases. IN this study concomitant use of waterpipe and cigarette and its comparison to only cigarette smoking was evaluated. This cross-sectional study was conducted on Tehran residents over 15 years of age selected via cluster, multi-stage randomized sampling from different geographical districts of Tehran .The data were collected using the water pipe section of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey questionnaire